An investigation and analysis on multidimensional health status of the rural elderly in Shandong / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To evaluate and analyze the health status of the elderly from physical health, mental health and social health, so as to understand the health status and health service needs of rural elderly.Methods:A total of 263 elderly people aged 60 years and over(mean aged 70.9±7.9 years, 113 males and 150 females, 125 aged 60-69 years, 98 aged 70-79 years and 40 aged 80 years and over)in Nanwangkong Village, Shaozhuang Town, Qingzhou City, Weifang City, Shandong Province were selected by cluster sampling method.The physical, mental, social and overall health status of the elderly were comprehensively evaluated and analyzed by self-designed questionnaire.Results:The overall health rate was 30%(79 cases), and the physical health, mental health and social health rates were 73.8%(194 cases), 84.0%(221 cases)and 34.6%(91 cases), respectively, in rural elderly in this area.The physical health was better in males than in females in 80~ years old groups( χ2=5.736, P<0.05). The overall health was better in males than in females in the total age group and the 60~69 years old groups( χ2=7.468 and 11.116, both P<0.01). The proportions of unhealthy, basic healthy and healthy people in the overall and the dimensions of physical health, mental health and social health had significant differences in the 60~69, 70~79 and 80~ years old groups( χ2=40.590, 29.342, 18.503 and 27.615, all P<0.01), and the Chi-square test for trend showed that there was a statistically significant downward trend of overall health grade distribution with age( χ2=21.994, 12.831, 16.570 and 22.595, both P<0.01). Conclusions:In this study, 30.0% of the rural elderly were considered healthy, 48.3% were basically healthy, and 21.7% were unhealthy.The health status of the elderly gradually deteriorates with age.The government should strengthen the multidimensional health assessment of the rural elderly and provide the comprehensive health guidance services and targeted interventions for the elderly in terms of disease control, psychological counseling and social participation.

Acesso e aguardo pela estomização segundo pessoas com câncer colorretal: estudo etnográfico / Access and waiting for ostomy according to people with colorectal cancer: an ethnographic study / Acceso y espera para la ostomía según las personas con cáncer colorrectal: un estudio etnográfico

Objetivo: Conhecer o acesso e aguardo pela estomização de pessoas adoecidas por câncer colorretal no nível terciário do Sistema Único de Saúde. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo etnográfico fundamentado na Sociologia da Saúde, com 8 familiares e 14 adoecidos em Centro de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados entre outubro de 2018 a março de 2019, com observação participante e não participante, registro em diário de campo e entrevista semiestruturada. Os depoimentos e notas etnográficas após triangulação foram submetidos a análise indutiva de conteúdo em seis etapas. Resultados: Apreenderam-se "A história do adoecimento entrecortada pelas dificuldades" e "As perdas no processo de paciência-resiliência no percurso". Discussão: Em busca de validações biomédicas foram reportados três tipos de acesso ao sistema médico, assim como os subsentidos "paguei no particular" e atraso diagnóstico mobilizaram via oficial e não oficial no Sistema Único de Saúde. O capital social foi analisado como premente no adoecimento, uma rede de contatos sem a qual o acesso dos usuários é impactado. No nível terciário enquanto aguardam pela estomização desvelou-se a resiliência não como recurso heroico, mas como recurso pessoal e coletivo diante do percurso dificultoso e da semi-reclusão na instituição total onde vivenciam medos, fadiga e dores. Conclusão:O acesso contou com mobilização relacional e uma gama de vias até a internação com parte do percurso na saúde suplementar, já o aguardo pela estomização mitiga a paciência ao passo que torna a resiliência um recurso benéfico na espera pela programação cirúrgica.

Introduction: The access of people with colorectal cancer to surgical treatment with stomization implies a difficult itinerary through the network of care, and when accessing the tertiary level in an apprehensive preoperative waiting. Objetive: To know the access and waiting for stomization of people sick with colorectal cancer at the tertiary level of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Materials and Methods:Ethnographic study based on the Sociology of Health, with 8 relatives and 14 patients in a High Complexity Oncology Center, Brazil. Data were collected between October 2018 to March 2019, with participant and non-participant observation, field diary recording, and semi-structured interview. Statements and ethnographic notes after triangulation were subjected to inductive content analysis in six steps. Results:"The history of illness interspersed with difficulties" and "The losses in the process of patience-resilience along the way" were apprehended. Discussion: Three types of access were reported, as well as the sub-meanings "I paid privately" and the diagnostic delay mobilized by official and unofficial means in the Unified Health System. Social capital is pressing, a network without which users' access is impacted. At the tertiary level while waiting for stomization, resilience was unveiled not as a heroic resource, but as a personal and collective resource. Conclusion: The access counted on relational mobilization and a range of paths to hospitalization with part of the journey in supplementary health, while the waiting for stomization mitigates patience making resilience a beneficial resource in the wait for surgical programming.

Introducción: El acceso de las personas con cáncer colorrectal al tratamiento quirúrgico con estomización implica un difícil itinerario a través de la red asistencial, y al acceder al nivel terciario en una aprensiva espera preoperatoria. Objetivo: Conocer el acceso y el aguante de las personas afectadas por el cáncer colorrectal en el nivel terciario del Sistema Único de Salud. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio etnográfico basado en la Sociología de la Salud, con 8 familiares y 14 pacientes en Centro Oncológico de Alta Complejidad, Brasil. Los datos se recogieron entre octubre de 2018 y marzo de 2019, con observación participante y no participante, registro de diario de campo y entrevista semiestructurada. Los testimonios y las notas etnográficas, tras la triangulación, se sometieron a un análisis de contenido inductivo en seis etapas. Resultados: Se aprende "La historia del adoctrinamiento entrecortado por las dificultades" y "Las pérdidas en el proceso de pacificación-resiliencia en el curso". Discusión: Se reportaron tres tipos de acceso, así como los subsentidos "pagué en el privado" y el atraso diagnóstico se movilizaron vía oficial y no oficial en el Sistema Único de Salud. El capital social es apremiante, una red de contactos sin la cual el acceso de los usuarios se ve afectado. En el nivel terciario, mientras aguantan por la estomatología, la resistencia se revela no como un recurso heroico, sino como un recurso personal y colectivo. Conclusión: El acceso a la movilización relacional y a una gama de vías hasta la internación con parte del curso en la salud suplementaria, ya que la espera por la estomización mitiga la pacificación haciendo de la resiliencia un recurso benéfico en la espera por el programa quirúrgico.

Sociological interpretation in general practice clinical thinking / 中华全科医师杂志

There are a large number of atypical symptoms and undifferentiated diseases in general practice, in which sociological factors are deeply involved. So to incorporate social factors into clinical thinking and to interpret disease from the perspective of the patient′s social life will enrich the multidisciplinary medical model and holistic care in general practice. This article shares author′s clinical experience through introducing typical cases, in which the patient′s social life and behavior characteristics played certain roles in disease development. The article also explores a new way from the sociological perspectives to interpret the complex symptoms that are difficult to be explained clinically by biomedicine or psychology.

Investigation and analysis on multidimensional health status of elderly residents in the Meiyuan community, Beijing / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To evaluate and analyze elderly health on the physical, psychological and social dimensions, so as to understand the health status and care needs of community-dwelling elderly residents.Methods:A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Meiyuan community, Malianwa Street, Haidian District of Beijing during July 22 to August 26, 2021.A total of 404 people aged 60 and above(70.6±8.6 years old)including 169 men and 235 women were enrolled through cluster sampling.All information about community-dwelling elderly residents was collected with face-to-face interviews and a standardized structured questionnaire for the evaluation and analysis of their physical, mental, social and overall health.Results:The rate of overall healthy residents was 21.3%(86), and the rates of physically, mentally and socially healthy residents were 66.8%(270), 86.6%(350) and 24.3%(98), respectively, in this community.There was a sex difference in social health in the whole group( χ2=9.008, P=0.011)and a higher proportion of men than women were considered generally healthy( χ2=8.963, P=0.003). People in the three age groups(224 in the 60-69 group, 109 in the 70-79 group and 71 in the ≥80 group)showed statistically significant differences in overall, physical, mental and social health( χ2=18.473, 61.186, 43.026 and 18.310, P<0.001), which declined with increasing age( χ2=13.172, 23.515, 26.806 and 10.068, P<0.001 or 0.01). Conclusions:s The overall healthy rate is not high among community-dwelling elderly residents in Beijing.The health status of the elderly gradually deteriorates with age.Health assessment for the elderly should be emphasized and targeted health education and prevention should be provided to promote disease prevention and mental health.

Representação social da odontologia segundo a mídia: aspectos a serem discutidos / Social representation of dentistry according to the media: aspects to be discussed

A área odontológica vem sendo abordada constantemente pela mídia, seja direta ou indiretamente, e isso é esperado, considerando-se que a odontologia não foge do contexto social. O fato é como e quais informações os veículos de comunicação vêm emitindo, e também como a sociedade vem absorvendo essas informações. Considerando esses fatores, o presente estudo traz uma revisão de literatura que objetivou agregar os pontos de representatividade social da odontologia sob a visão da mídia, além de identificar possíveis resultados desta abordagem para o contexto social da profissão odontológica e consequências sobre a perspectiva de promoção de saúde e relação profissional-paciente. Esta revisão constatou que a veiculação pela mídia de elementos relacionados à odontologia necessita de vários avanços, visto que os paradigmas que tangem a imagem do profissional odontológico acarreta danos no cenário de promoção de saúde bucal, sendo desfavorável tanto para a sociedade quanto para a classe odontológica.

The dental field has been constantly approached by the media, either directly or indirectly, and this is normal considering that dentistry does not escape from the social context. The fact is how and what information the media has been sending and how society has been absorbing this information. Considering these factors, this study is a review of literature that aims to aggregate aspects of social representation of dentistry under the media's vision, as well as to identify possible results of this approach to the social context of dentistry and consequences on health promotion perspective and professional-patient relationship. The study found that the media usage of elements oriented to dentistry needs several advances, once that the paradigms that touch the image of the dental professional entail damages in the oral health promotion scene, being unfavorable for both society and the dental community.

The genesis of the AIDS policy and AIDS Space in Brazil (1981-1989) / A gênese da política de luta contra a aids e o Espaço Aids no Brasil (1981-1989)

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the genesis of the policy for controlling AIDS in Brazil. METHODS Socio-historical study (1981-1989), based on Bordieu's genetic sociology, by document analysis, bibliographical review, and in-depth interviews. It consisted of a connection between the analysis of the paths of 33 agents involved in the creation of a social space focusing on AIDS-related issues and the historical possibility conditions of the drafting of a specific policy. RESULTS AIDS Space is a gathering point for the paths of agents from several social fields (medical, scientific, political, and bureaucratic fields). A specific space for relationships, which enabled the drafting of a policy for controlling the AIDS epidemic, but also a place where the authority to talk about the meaning of the disease, the methods to prevent and treat it was under dispute. The analysis showed how the various structures (democratic administrations in Sao Paulo and at the national level, with public health officers taking important positions) and the lack of a specific therapy contributed to social agents of different ranks and backgrounds to initially set prevention as a priority. CONCLUSIONS The rise of the sanitary movement, the organization of SUS, and the dominance of the medical field at the AIDS Space contributed to foster treatment as a part of the measures to control the epidemic. These conditions allowed drafting a policy based on the integrality of care, by linking prevention and treatment in the following decade, with important participation from state bureaucracy and researchers.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a gênese da política de controle da aids no Brasil. MÉTODOS Estudo sócio-histórico (1981-1989), orientado pela sociologia genética de Bourdieu, por meio de análise documental, revisão bibliográfica e entrevistas em profundidade. Consistiu na articulação entre a análise das trajetórias de 33 agentes envolvidos na criação de um espaço social voltado para as questões relativas à aids e as condições históricas de possibilidade para a formulação de uma política específica. RESULTADOS O Espaço Aids constituiu-se como produto do encontro da trajetória de agentes de diversos campos sociais (médico, científico, político e burocrático). Um espaço específico de relações, que possibilitou a formulação de uma política para o controle da epidemia da aids, mas onde também estava em disputa a autoridade de falar sobre o significado da doença, suas formas de prevenção e tratamento. A análise mostrou como as estruturas (governos democráticos no estado de São Paulo e no âmbito nacional, com sanitaristas assumindo posições importantes) e a ausência de terapia específica contribuíram para que agentes sociais com disposições e formações diversas formulassem uma política que priorizou inicialmente a prevenção. CONCLUSÕES A ascensão do movimento sanitário, a constituição do SUS e a dominância do campo médico no Espaço Aids contribuíram para a valorização do tratamento, como parte das medidas de controle da epidemia. Essas condições possibilitaram a formulação de uma política baseada na integralidade das ações, articulando prevenção e tratamento, na década seguinte, com importante participação da burocracia estatal e de pesquisadores.

Enfoques sociomédicos actuales de salud y su importancia en los perfiles de las ciencias médicas / Current social and medical health approaches and their importance in profiles of medical sciences

En el presente trabajo, los autores se proponen tratar el tema de los enfoques sociomédicos de la salud y su instrumentación en la práctica médica actual, mediante una valoración histórica de la problemática y de su tratamiento bibliográfico contemporáneo, especialmente en las dos últimas décadas del pasado siglo y la primera del presente, lo que permitirá una percepción holística en los retos actuales de la Medicina General Integral. Entre los diferentes métodos seleccionados y empleados por los autores, se encuentra la revisión documental y teórica de variados referentes bibliográficos en el tratamiento actual de la problemática.

In this work, authors have as purpose to deal with the topic of social and medical health approaches and their instrumentation in current medical practice, by carrying out a historical evaluation of the problems and their contemporary bibliographical treatment, specifically in the last two decades of the last century and the first decade of the present one, which allows us an integral perception in current challenges of General Integral Medicine. Documental and theoretical revision of some bibliographic referents was one of the different methods selected and used by the authors while processing the current problems.

Administración de ácido fólico y otros micronutrientes en mujeres embarazadas de Colombia / Administration of folic acid and other micronutrients to pregnant women in Colombia

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el consumo de ácido fólico (AF) y otros micronutrientes en forma de medicamentos en un grupo de mujeres gestantes colombianas. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional descriptivo. Se obtuvo información por medio de entrevistas a gestantes y de sus registros de historia clínica de control prenatal y/o atención del parto en cuatro ciudades de Colombia. La muestra fue de 1 637 mujeres atendidas en 15 instituciones. RESULTADOS: A 1 315 gestantes (80,3%) les recomendaron consumir AF, con prescripción realizada por médico al 84% de ellas; 90,3% adhirieron al tratamiento. A 85,6% el AF les fue suministrado por la empresa aseguradora de salud, y 10,7% lo compró de su bolsillo. La prescripción fue pertinente en 0,2% de las mujeres. Su consumo fue totalmente oportuno en 0,2% y totalmente inoportuno en 41,9% de las gestantes. A 1 192 mujeres (72,8%) les recomendaron otros micronutrientes; a 77,6% de ellas se los recomendó el médico, y 88,7% adhirieron al tratamiento. CONCLUSIONES: Se recomienda y se consume AF y otros micronutrientes de manera inadecuada, sin evaluar las necesidades individuales de las mujeres gestantes. Se invita a reflexionar sobre la utilidad de los programas que promueven el consumo masivo de micronutrientes en forma de medicamento durante el embarazo; los programas parecen desconocer las causas fundamentales de los problemas nutricionales que aquejan a la población.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the intake of folic acid (FA) and other micronutrients in medicinal form in a group of pregnant women in Colombia. METHODS: Descriptive observational study. Information was obtained from interviews of pregnant women and from the clinical records of their prenatal check-ups and/or delivery in four cities in Colombia. The sample consisted of 1 637 women seen in 15 institutions. RESULTS: A total of 1 315 pregnant women (80.3%) were advised to take FA, and 84% received a prescription, 90.3% of whom adhered to the treatment. FA was provided to 85.6% of them by their health insurance company and 10.7% purchased it themselves. The prescription was appropriate for 0.2% of the women; its use was entirely appropriate for 0.2% of the pregnant women and totally inappropriate for 41.9%. Other micronutrients were recommended to 1 192 women (72.8%), 77.6% of whom received the advice from their physician, with 88.7% adhering to the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: FA and other micronutrients are inappropriately recommended to pregnant women and taken without assessing their individual needs. The usefulness of programs that promote mass consumption of micronutrients in medicinal form during pregnancy should be reexamined. These programs seem not to recognize the fundamental causes of the population's nutritional problems.

Primeros debates sobre legislación del uso de drogas en Argentina a comienzos del siglo XX: la propuesta del Dr. Leopoldo Bard y su contexto sociohistórico / First debates regarding the legalization of drug use in Argentina at the start of the 20th century: the proposal of Dr. Leopoldo Bard and its sociohistorical context

Este trabajo analiza los discursos del médico higienista argentino Leopoldo Bard a partir de tres publicaciones que realizó entre 1923 y 1933 sobre toxicomanías. Las mismas condensan los debates en torno al papel del Estado, de las políticas públicas nacionales, regionales y, particularmente, la influencia norteamericana en Argentina a través de su figura. Las medidas legislativas y políticas de la época, de indudable corte represivo, fueron significativas para los avances del Estado en la esfera privada, la creciente importancia de los cuerpos profesionales en la definición de fronteras materiales y simbólicas sobre lo socialmente aceptable, incluyendo lo relativo al consumo de drogas. También se destacan los múltiples propósitos que parecen satisfacer estas políticas: en el plano local habilitan otras formas de represión de los conflictos derivados de la inmigración mientras que, en el internacional, complacen a los requerimientos norteamericanos.

This paper analyzes the discourses of Argentine doctor and public health professional Leopoldo Bard using three texts on drug abuse published between 1923 and 1933. These texts embody the debates of the time regarding the role of the State, public policies at the national and regional level and, particularly, the US influence in Argentina exerted through the figure of Dr. Bard. The legislative measures and policies of that time, undoubtedly of a repressive character, were key in the State's advances into the private sphere and in the increasing importance of professional organizations in the definition of the material and symbolic borders of the socially acceptable, including those related to drug use. The multiple purposes these policies seem to satisfy are also highlighted: at the local level they enable other forms of repressing conflicts arising from immigration, while at the international level they appease US requirements.

Por una epistemología de la Salud Colectiva: los conceptos sociológicos / For an epistemology of Collective Health: the sociological concepts

A partir de conceptos básicos de la sociología, se traza una elaboración teórica que busca una primera aproximación para la construcción de una epistemología de la salud colectiva. El texto expone, inicialmente, una conceptualización de la epistemología, recordando que las diversas epistemologías -fenomenológica, constructivista, histórica y arqueológica- han iluminado la construcción científica de la Salud Colectiva. Si bien los desdoblamientos de estas disciplinas no son abordados, el análisis enfatiza como punto de partida las nociones de concepto, constructos y categorías analíticas. Se destacan tres conceptos fundantes de las ciencias sociales, que se convierten en categorías analíticas: colectivo, sociedad y estructura. Estos conceptos son articulados de forma interactiva con otros tres: individuo, representación y acción. Se apuntan las principales características de esos conceptos y la interrelación entre ellos, así como la idea de que se pueden desprender otros conceptos de esta base conceptual. Se enfatiza la cuestión de superar las oposiciones (objetivo/subjetivo, colectivo/individual) y la necesidad de pensar conjuntamente aspectos de la realidad, clásicamente entendidos como antagónicos.

From basic concepts of sociology, a theoretical elaboration is outlined which looks for a first approach for the building of an epistemology of Collective Health. The paper exposes initially a conceptualization of epistemology, taking into account that different epistemologies -phenomenological, constructivist, historical and archeological-have illuminated the scientific construction of Collective Health. Although the split of these disciplines are not taken into account, the analysis emphasizes the notions of concept, constructs and analytical categories as a starting point. Three founding concepts in the social sciences are stressed, which turn into analytical categories: collective, society and structure. These concepts are articulated in an interactive way with three others: individual, representation and action. The main characteristics of these concepts and their interrelation are highlighted together with the idea that other concepts may derive from this conceptual basis. The question of overcoming the oppositions is emphasized (objective/subjective, collective/individual) along with the need to think together these aspects of reality, which were classically understood as antagonists.

Sociologia, medicina e a construção da sociologia da saúde: [revisão] / Sociología, medicina y la construcción de la sociología de la salud: [revisión] / Sociology, medicine and the construction of health-related sociology: [review]

Partindo de artigo publicado em 1971 sobre a aproximação entre sociologia e medicina, no Brasil e Reino Unido, foi realizada atualização histórica, com o fim de refletir sobre novas conformações do ensino e pesquisa das ciências sociais e humanas no campo da saúde em ambos os países. A metodologia foi qualitativa, sendo a pesquisa desenvolvida com dados secundários e as reflexões elaboradas a partir da imersão dos autores na realidade brasileira e britânica. Concluiu-se que houve ampliação da interface entre a sociologia e a saúde, embora existam dificuldades antigas e persistentes em relação à estrutura e foco do sistema de saúde, poder na escola médica e cultura estudantil.

Starting from a paper about closing the gap between sociology and medicine in Brazil and the United Kingdom that was published in 1971, a historical update was made with the aim of reflecting on the new shapes of health-related teaching and research within the social and human sciences, in these two countries. The methodology was qualitative and the study was developed using secondary data. The reflections were developed through the authors' immersion in Brazilian and British realities. It was concluded that the interface between sociology and health has expanded, although persistent old difficulties exist in relation to the structure and focus of the healthcare system, medical school power and medical student culture.

Partiendo del artículo publicado en 1971 sobre la aproximación entre sociología y medicina, en Brasil y Reino Unido, fue realizada actualización histórica, con el fin de reflexionar sobre nuevas conformaciones de enseñanza y pesquisa de las ciencias sociales y humanas en el campo de la salud en ambos países. La metodología fue cualitativa, siendo la pesquisa desarrollada con datos secundarios y las reflexiones elaboradas a partir de la inmersión de los autores en la realidad brasilera y británica. Se concluyó que hubo ampliación de la interfase entre la sociología y la salud, a pesar d que existan dificultades antiguas y persistentes con relación a la estructura y foco del sistema de salud, poder en la escuela médica y cultura estudiantil.